Pakistan's global share of producing emerald gemstones is increasing slowly as huge deposits are estimated to be there.
Emeralds in Pakistan have been discovered in four places up to date, including Swat in the Himalayan mountain range of Swat district, Gandao in Mohmand agency, Barang in Bajaur agency, and Khaltaro in Gilgit Baltistan. Out of these, Swat remains the major one.
Swat emeralds from Swat Valley in Pakistan are found as hexagonal crystals mostly in small sizes but have an amazing brilliance with a beautiful mystic corn green shade containing a hue of golden yellow in green; they form a lively green color unique to these mines. Medium to deep green color, unique transparency, and a feel of smoothness are their properties.
Recent discovery of Trapiche type crystal, which has 6 magnetite arms, a colorless core, and a green rim with light inner areas divided in 6 fractions, is confined to Fizzaghat mines in the Mingora region of Swat. The rim and core area are emerald, and the arms are formed of graphite and hematite.
Inclusions in Swat emeralds: The inclusions consist of water, magnesite and nitrogen crystals, and carbon dioxide in the form of gas. The gasious inclusions are found both in trapiche and non-trapiche raw crystals in the form of CO2, N2, and CH4. Other mineral inclusions, including hematite, rutile, magnetite, graphite, and siderite, have been found. The emerald specimen found here contains a high amount of chromium, iron, and alkali metel, which contribute to its color and shine.
Cut and polished Swat emeralds in their top saturated deep golden green tone, good clarity, and considerable good size are among the world's rarest gems and easily fetch over $1500-$3000 per carat. Some top Swat stones are selling for over $15000/ct at auctions and private sales. The transparent stones of commercial quality in these will be $50-$250/ct.
The color-clarity-cut defines the quality of the gem, then comes the carat weight, and all these decide the worth of the stone. The premium Pakistan Swat origin emeralds have a consistent, even vivid color in them similar to Panjshir origin stones, but when iron presence is higher, it turns the color to bluish, which affects the quality. If the overtone is slightest, it glorifies the color, but if it is more dominant, then it is not desired. Color zoning is also seen in these emeralds, and those are not considered as high quality. Natural Pakistani origin emeralds are commonly inclusive with a wide variety of inclusions; Mica and Jardin inclusions are common in them with rust and feathers, so a clean stone in good size with smooth saturated colour becomes rare and super expensive. Also, rich chromium presence makes the gem stone glow and show a rich, brilliant green lustre.
These mines are located a few hundred kilometres north of Peshawar; most of these mines mentioned above are closed now other than Fizzat, limiting its supply and making this gem even rarer and more expensive.
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